Context
Breakfast consumption is often associated with positive effects on weight management in public opinion. Currently, the evidence regarding the positive impact of breakfast consumption versus morning fasting is mixed.
Little is known regarding the effects of breakfast consumption on metabolic responses to morning feeding and acute appetite in individuals with obesity. A previous study observed that there were no causal effects of breakfast consumption on acute hormonal or metabolic responses to feeding in lean individuals [1]. But individuals with obesity have been shown to have different responses to feeding, such as delayed satiation and limited ghrelin suppression of ghrelin with feeding. The objective of this clinical study is to evaluate the impact of sustained morning fasting on energy intake, metabolism, and appetite in healthy adults with obesity.
